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1 definition by synthesis
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > definition by synthesis
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2 definition by synthesis
Математика: определение путём синтезаУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > definition by synthesis
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3 definition
1) определение, дефиниция, формулировка2) ясность, понятность3) чёткость, резкость ( изображения)•definition by abstraction — матем. определение путём абстракции
definition by contraposition — матем. определение через противоположение
definition by correlation — матем. определение через корреляционное отношение
definition by induction — матем. определение по индукции
definition by recursion — матем. рекурсивное определение
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4 определение путем синтеза
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > определение путем синтеза
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5 определение путём синтеза
Mathematics: definition by synthesisУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > определение путём синтеза
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6 en materia de
= in matters of, as regards, with regard(s) to, regarding, on, concerning, in the field ofEx. Even when Community-wide regulations do apply, for example in matters of safety at work, the stringency of laws may vary from country to country.Ex. Practice as regards integration varies considerably.Ex. KWOC or Keyword Out of Context indexes are intended to improve upon KWIC indexes, with regards to layout and presentation.Ex. In major enumerative schemes synthesis is often controlled by careful instructions regarding citation order.Ex. Efforts are being made in the direction of an international consensus on the definition and treatment of corporate authorship.Ex. Having been alerted to the existence of a document, the user needs information concerning the actual location of the document, in order that the document may be read.Ex. This list of open access journals in the field of education will be served from a database driven webpage.* * *= in matters of, as regards, with regard(s) to, regarding, on, concerning, in the field ofEx: Even when Community-wide regulations do apply, for example in matters of safety at work, the stringency of laws may vary from country to country.
Ex: Practice as regards integration varies considerably.Ex: KWOC or Keyword Out of Context indexes are intended to improve upon KWIC indexes, with regards to layout and presentation.Ex: In major enumerative schemes synthesis is often controlled by careful instructions regarding citation order.Ex: Efforts are being made in the direction of an international consensus on the definition and treatment of corporate authorship.Ex: Having been alerted to the existence of a document, the user needs information concerning the actual location of the document, in order that the document may be read.Ex: This list of open access journals in the field of education will be served from a database driven webpage. -
7 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
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8 построение
1) General subject: architecture, array, arrayal, building, building-up, composition, construction, contouring, formation, forming up, forming-up, parade, scheme, turn, upbuilding, development (например кривой титрования: development of a titration curve)2) Naval: alignment3) Medicine: architectonics4) Sports: line-up5) Military: breakdown (в колонну), call, form, forming, forming-up (в боевой порядок), quarter, set-up7) Bookish: (геометрическое) construct8) Construction: construction (напр. эпюры)9) Mathematics: build-up, construct, creation, design, generation, plotting (кривой), (кривых) plotting (Следующим пунктом идет задача построения кривых.)10) Architecture: making11) Polygraphy: plotting (графиков, кривых)12) Oil: definition (напр. модели)13) Astronautics: constructing14) Geophysics: conversion15) Polymers: buildup16) Programming: producing17) Automation: arrangement, componentry, construction (напр. геометрической фигуры), definition (напр. математической модели), organization18) Arms production: order19) Makarov: build, constitution, lineup, quarters, synthesis -
9 DD
1) Общая лексика: detail drawings (details, sections, elevations, foundation, Etc.)а2) Компьютерная техника: Data Dump, Deterministic Data, Disk Dump3) Медицина: double-dummy (сокращение, принятое в отчетах по клиническим исследованиям), дифференциальный диагноз (ДД)4) Спорт: коэффициент трудности5) Военный термин: Data Devices, Department of Defense, Deployment Descriptor, Deputy Director, Program Integration, Destroyer, Dms Discretion, death from disease, declassification date, defense deport, definite decoding, delayed delivery, departure date, deputy director, design deviation, development directive, discharged dead, due date, duty driver6) Техника: 1,3-dichloropropene + 1,2-dichloropropane, Data Handling Division, Doppler displacement, damper drive, data description, data display, decoy discrimination, delay driver, design data, diamond-drill, dichloropropane dichloropropylene, direct dialing, distribution damper, downdraft, dual development, duplex drive, dynamic deflection7) Математика: плотность распределения (distribution density)8) Юридический термин: Due Diligence9) Бухгалтерия: Direct Debit10) Фармакология: Фармацевтический справочник (Drug Dictionary) (http://apps.who.int/gb/archive/pdf_files/EB111/reb11128.pdf)11) Автомобильный термин: Dealer Development ( Department)12) Грубое выражение: Down And Dirty, Dumb And Dumber13) Телекоммуникации: Database Description, Domain Directory14) Сокращение: Daredevils, Department of Defence, Destroyer (US Navy), Destroyer (naval ship), Detroit Diesel, Differential Doppler, Direct Digital (e.g., synthesis), Disk Drive, Doctor of Divinity, Doubles Detector (on AFCS-DD, 2004), deep-drawn, diesel direct, dishonorable discharge, drydock, dutch door, Days after Date, Demand Draft, Diamond Drilling, Dishonourable Discharge, Double Diode, Drilling Deeper, Drilling Detergent15) Физиология: Discharge diagnosis, Dry Dressing16) Вычислительная техника: Data Dictionary, data demand, decimal divide, digital data, digital display, индикатор данных, Data Dictionary (SA, CASE, DB), Double Density (disks, FDD), digital display, double density, двойная плотность, цифровой дисплей17) Литература: Dearborn Dynamic Toastmasters Club18) Нефть: depth determination, detail design, алмазное бурение (diamond-drilling), буровой детергент (поверхностно-активное вещество, drilling detergent), углубка скважины (drilling deeper), алмазно-буровой (diamond-drill)19) Космонавтика: Development Department (FAO)20) Банковское дело: большой дисконт (deep discount)21) СМИ: Daily Digest, Dolby Digital22) Деловая лексика: Decisions Decisions23) Бурение: двухъярусный (double deck), двухэтажный (double deck), поверхностно-активное вещество (drilling detergent)24) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: derrick (located in the des), Detailed Design26) Инвестиции: deep discount27) Полимеры: dominant draft28) Автоматика: data definition, Описание устройства (Device Description)29) Ядерная физика: Density Dependent30) Полупроводники: dislocation density31) Океанография: Demonstration Division32) Безопасность: direct drive33) Расширение файла: Day, Compressed Macintosh file archive (DiskDoubler)34) Нефть и газ: device description, Directional Driller35) Логистика: Direct Delivery36) Гостиничное дело: прямой перевод (денежный) (один из способов оплаты за проживание в гостинице (указывается в счете))37) Электротехника: disconnecting device, соединение треугольник-треугольник (delta-delta), (R) коэффициент рассеивания диэлектрика38) Имена и фамилии: Doctor Doom, Donald Duck39) Должность: Disco Dancer40) Чат: Dear Daughter41) Единицы измерений: Decimal Degrees, Degree Days -
10 DDS
1) Общая лексика: Динамический выделенный сервер (Dynamic Dedicated Server)2) Компьютерная техника: Data Description Specifications, Dataphone Digital Service, Dcp Data Service, Dead Data Script, Decision Support System, Digital Dmb Source, Digital Dong System3) Авиация: Down Drive Shaft4) Медицина: доктор стоматологических наук, Denys-Drash syndrome5) Американизм: Disability Determination Services6) Военный термин: Dark Deadly Snipers, Deep Dive System, Defense Dissemination System, Deputy Defense Secretary, Deputy Director of Science, Director of Dental Services, Directorate of Information Services, Display And Debriefing System, Distributed Database System, Dry Deck Shelter, Dutch Delta Squad, Dutch Demolition Squad, data display system, data distribution system, design data sheet, digital data system, display and debriefing subsystem, dynamic diagnostic system, Dual Driver Service (courier)7) Техника: Doppler detection station, Doppler detection system, data dialog system, data distribution subsystem, data fax digital scanner, data phone digital service, development data sheet, digital display scope, digital drafting system, direct detection system, documentation distribution system, dose detection system, double dark slide8) Шутливое выражение: Dead Divx Society, Dino Death Squad9) Грубое выражение: Dental Dumb Shit10) Металлургия: dedusting system, система газоочистки11) Оптика: doped deposited silica (Corning process)13) Телекоммуникации: Digital Data Service, DATAPHONE Digital Service (AT&T specific), Dataphone Digital Service (registered trademark of AT&T Company)14) Сокращение: Defense Dissemination System (View the logo for Defense Dissemination System), Department of Defense Support (USA), Deployable Defense System, Digital Data Set (Canada), Direct Digital Synthesis, Direct Digital Synthesizer, Display & Debriefing System, Doctor of Dental Science, Dry Deck Shelter (swimmer), Dry Dock Shelters15) Электроника: Digital Spectrum Stabilizer, Direct Digital Signal, Discrete Dynamic System16) Вычислительная техника: Digital Data Service / System, Doctor of Dental Surgery, dedicated digital line, Dataphone Digital Service (AT&T), Direct Digital Sampling (CD-RW, SCSI), Distributed Directory Service (DCE), Digital Data Storage (Sony, HP, DAT, ISO, ANSI, ECMA, Streamer)17) Нефть: deep seismic sounding18) Биохимия: Distillers Dried Solubles19) Связь: службы Описаний устройств20) Биотехнология: (Drug D) система доставки лекарств (Drug Delivery System)21) Фирменный знак: Direct Draw Surface, Discount Dance Supply, Discount Department Stores23) Деловая лексика: Deadline Driven Scheduler24) Сетевые технологии: DISTRIBUTED DOMAIN Server, Data-phone Digital Service, Direct Digital Service, служба передачи цифровых данных25) Полимеры: diamino diphenyl sulfone, dioxidiphenyl sulfon26) Автоматика: data dispatching system, document delivery service, dynamic data system27) Пластмассы: Diaminodiphenyl Sulfone (Epoxy Cure Agent)28) Хроматография: dilute degradation solution29) Расширение файла: Data Description Specification, Digital Data Storage, Distributed Database Services, Digital Dataphone Service (AT&T)30) Должность: Doctor of Dental Surgery (Dentist)31) Чат: Deep Dark Secrets32) Базы данных: Data Definition Specifications, Data Description Structure -
11 dd
1) Общая лексика: detail drawings (details, sections, elevations, foundation, Etc.)а2) Компьютерная техника: Data Dump, Deterministic Data, Disk Dump3) Медицина: double-dummy (сокращение, принятое в отчетах по клиническим исследованиям), дифференциальный диагноз (ДД)4) Спорт: коэффициент трудности5) Военный термин: Data Devices, Department of Defense, Deployment Descriptor, Deputy Director, Program Integration, Destroyer, Dms Discretion, death from disease, declassification date, defense deport, definite decoding, delayed delivery, departure date, deputy director, design deviation, development directive, discharged dead, due date, duty driver6) Техника: 1,3-dichloropropene + 1,2-dichloropropane, Data Handling Division, Doppler displacement, damper drive, data description, data display, decoy discrimination, delay driver, design data, diamond-drill, dichloropropane dichloropropylene, direct dialing, distribution damper, downdraft, dual development, duplex drive, dynamic deflection7) Математика: плотность распределения (distribution density)8) Юридический термин: Due Diligence9) Бухгалтерия: Direct Debit10) Фармакология: Фармацевтический справочник (Drug Dictionary) (http://apps.who.int/gb/archive/pdf_files/EB111/reb11128.pdf)11) Автомобильный термин: Dealer Development ( Department)12) Грубое выражение: Down And Dirty, Dumb And Dumber13) Телекоммуникации: Database Description, Domain Directory14) Сокращение: Daredevils, Department of Defence, Destroyer (US Navy), Destroyer (naval ship), Detroit Diesel, Differential Doppler, Direct Digital (e.g., synthesis), Disk Drive, Doctor of Divinity, Doubles Detector (on AFCS-DD, 2004), deep-drawn, diesel direct, dishonorable discharge, drydock, dutch door, Days after Date, Demand Draft, Diamond Drilling, Dishonourable Discharge, Double Diode, Drilling Deeper, Drilling Detergent15) Физиология: Discharge diagnosis, Dry Dressing16) Вычислительная техника: Data Dictionary, data demand, decimal divide, digital data, digital display, индикатор данных, Data Dictionary (SA, CASE, DB), Double Density (disks, FDD), digital display, double density, двойная плотность, цифровой дисплей17) Литература: Dearborn Dynamic Toastmasters Club18) Нефть: depth determination, detail design, алмазное бурение (diamond-drilling), буровой детергент (поверхностно-активное вещество, drilling detergent), углубка скважины (drilling deeper), алмазно-буровой (diamond-drill)19) Космонавтика: Development Department (FAO)20) Банковское дело: большой дисконт (deep discount)21) СМИ: Daily Digest, Dolby Digital22) Деловая лексика: Decisions Decisions23) Бурение: двухъярусный (double deck), двухэтажный (double deck), поверхностно-активное вещество (drilling detergent)24) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: derrick (located in the des), Detailed Design26) Инвестиции: deep discount27) Полимеры: dominant draft28) Автоматика: data definition, Описание устройства (Device Description)29) Ядерная физика: Density Dependent30) Полупроводники: dislocation density31) Океанография: Demonstration Division32) Безопасность: direct drive33) Расширение файла: Day, Compressed Macintosh file archive (DiskDoubler)34) Нефть и газ: device description, Directional Driller35) Логистика: Direct Delivery36) Гостиничное дело: прямой перевод (денежный) (один из способов оплаты за проживание в гостинице (указывается в счете))37) Электротехника: disconnecting device, соединение треугольник-треугольник (delta-delta), (R) коэффициент рассеивания диэлектрика38) Имена и фамилии: Doctor Doom, Donald Duck39) Должность: Disco Dancer40) Чат: Dear Daughter41) Единицы измерений: Decimal Degrees, Degree Days -
12 dds
1) Общая лексика: Динамический выделенный сервер (Dynamic Dedicated Server)2) Компьютерная техника: Data Description Specifications, Dataphone Digital Service, Dcp Data Service, Dead Data Script, Decision Support System, Digital Dmb Source, Digital Dong System3) Авиация: Down Drive Shaft4) Медицина: доктор стоматологических наук, Denys-Drash syndrome5) Американизм: Disability Determination Services6) Военный термин: Dark Deadly Snipers, Deep Dive System, Defense Dissemination System, Deputy Defense Secretary, Deputy Director of Science, Director of Dental Services, Directorate of Information Services, Display And Debriefing System, Distributed Database System, Dry Deck Shelter, Dutch Delta Squad, Dutch Demolition Squad, data display system, data distribution system, design data sheet, digital data system, display and debriefing subsystem, dynamic diagnostic system, Dual Driver Service (courier)7) Техника: Doppler detection station, Doppler detection system, data dialog system, data distribution subsystem, data fax digital scanner, data phone digital service, development data sheet, digital display scope, digital drafting system, direct detection system, documentation distribution system, dose detection system, double dark slide8) Шутливое выражение: Dead Divx Society, Dino Death Squad9) Грубое выражение: Dental Dumb Shit10) Металлургия: dedusting system, система газоочистки11) Оптика: doped deposited silica (Corning process)13) Телекоммуникации: Digital Data Service, DATAPHONE Digital Service (AT&T specific), Dataphone Digital Service (registered trademark of AT&T Company)14) Сокращение: Defense Dissemination System (View the logo for Defense Dissemination System), Department of Defense Support (USA), Deployable Defense System, Digital Data Set (Canada), Direct Digital Synthesis, Direct Digital Synthesizer, Display & Debriefing System, Doctor of Dental Science, Dry Deck Shelter (swimmer), Dry Dock Shelters15) Электроника: Digital Spectrum Stabilizer, Direct Digital Signal, Discrete Dynamic System16) Вычислительная техника: Digital Data Service / System, Doctor of Dental Surgery, dedicated digital line, Dataphone Digital Service (AT&T), Direct Digital Sampling (CD-RW, SCSI), Distributed Directory Service (DCE), Digital Data Storage (Sony, HP, DAT, ISO, ANSI, ECMA, Streamer)17) Нефть: deep seismic sounding18) Биохимия: Distillers Dried Solubles19) Связь: службы Описаний устройств20) Биотехнология: (Drug D) система доставки лекарств (Drug Delivery System)21) Фирменный знак: Direct Draw Surface, Discount Dance Supply, Discount Department Stores23) Деловая лексика: Deadline Driven Scheduler24) Сетевые технологии: DISTRIBUTED DOMAIN Server, Data-phone Digital Service, Direct Digital Service, служба передачи цифровых данных25) Полимеры: diamino diphenyl sulfone, dioxidiphenyl sulfon26) Автоматика: data dispatching system, document delivery service, dynamic data system27) Пластмассы: Diaminodiphenyl Sulfone (Epoxy Cure Agent)28) Хроматография: dilute degradation solution29) Расширение файла: Data Description Specification, Digital Data Storage, Distributed Database Services, Digital Dataphone Service (AT&T)30) Должность: Doctor of Dental Surgery (Dentist)31) Чат: Deep Dark Secrets32) Базы данных: Data Definition Specifications, Data Description Structure -
13 hidrojeni
[Swahili Word] hidrojeni[English Word] hydrogen[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9[Dialect] recent[English Definition] a nonmetallic element that is the simplest and lightest of the elements, is normally a colorless odorless highly flammable diatomic gas, and is used especially in synthesis (identified 1791)[Terminology] chemistry------------------------------------------------------------ -
14 lithi
[Swahili Word] lithi[English Word] lithium[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9[Dialect] recent[English Definition] a soft silver-white element of the alkali metal group that is the lightest metal known and that is used in chemical synthesis and storage batteries (identified 1818)[Terminology] chemistry------------------------------------------------------------ -
15 processor
1) вчт процессорг) обработчик программ на языке программирования; компилятор, транслятор; интерпретаторд) (любое) устройство обработки данных (напр. арифмометр)е) (любая) программа для управления процессами передачи, обмена и обработки данных2) исполнитель или участник (определённого) процесса4) производящий обработку субъект; орудие или средство обработки•- acoustic processor
- airborne processor
- algorithm processor
- AMD processor
- analog processor
- analog signal processor
- ancillary control processor
- application processor
- arithmetical processor
- ARM processor
- array processor
- associative processor
- attached processor
- auxiliary processor
- back-end processor
- baseband processor
- binary-image processor
- bit-slice processor - cellular logic image processor
- central processor
- CFAR processor
- channel processor
- chirp-transform processor
- CISC processor
- clone processor
- co-processor
- coherent optical processor
- command processor
- communicating word processors
- communications processor
- complex instruction set computing processor
- computer processor
- constant false-alarm-rate processor
- content-addressable processor
- control processor
- cryogenic associative processor
- data processor
- database processor
- data communications processor
- data-flow processor
- data parallel processor
- data transfer processor
- DEC-Alpha processor
- decentralized redundant processor
- decision processor
- dedicated processor
- dedicated word processor
- diagnostic processor
- digital processor
- digital image processor
- digital signal processor
- digital video processor
- display processor
- distributed processor
- Doppler processor
- down-line processor
- dual processor
- dual-issue processor
- dwell-time processor
- dyadic processor
- EIO processor
- embedded processor
- error input/output processor
- farmer processor
- fast digital processor
- fast-Fourier-transform processor
- film processor
- fixed-point processor
- flexible processor
- floating-point processor
- Fourier processor
- Fourier transform processor - gateway processor
- generalized linear processor
- general-purpose processor - hardwired processor
- heterodyne processor - homomorphic processor
- horizontal processor
- host processor
- IBM processor
- idea processor
- image processor
- incoherent optical processor
- industrial universal digital processor
- information processor
- input/output processor
- instruction processor
- instruction-set processor
- integral multiprotocol processor
- integrated graphics processor
- Intel processor
- interactive processor
- interface processor
- interface message processor
- internetwork processor
- interruption queue processor
- keyboard processor
- knowledge information processor
- language processor
- later processor
- L-cell processor
- linguistic processor
- link input processor
- list processor
- low-power processor
- LSI processor - mailing list processor
- main processor
- maintenance processor
- massively parallel processor
- master processor
- mathematical processor
- matrix processor
- maximum-entropy processor
- media and communication processor
- message processor
- microcoded processor
- microprogrammable processor
- microprogrammed processor
- modular acoustic processor
- MOS processor
- motherboard processor
- Motorola processor
- multichip processor
- multi-issue processor
- multiprotocol communications processor
- N-bit processor
- network processor
- node processor
- office processor
- off-line processor
- on-line processor
- operator external interrupt processor
- optical signal processor
- outline processor - Pentium processor
- peripheral processor
- photomask processor
- picture processor
- pipelined processor
- pixel processor
- post-processor
- PowerPC processor
- pre-processor
- problem-oriented processor
- queue processor
- raster processor
- raster image processor
- reduced instruction set computing processor
- request queue processor
- RISC processor
- scalar processor
- scan-time processor
- scientific processor
- second processor
- semantic processor
- sequential processor
- service processor
- single-chip processor
- single-issue processor
- slave processor
- SNA processor
- space-time processor
- stack-based processor
- stand-alone processor
- superpipelined processor
- superscalar processor
- symbolic processor
- symmetrical multiple processor
- synthesis processor
- system platform processor
- systolic processor
- target processor
- terminal processor
- terminal interface processor
- text processor
- transaction processor
- up-line processor
- user core allocation queue processor
- vector processor
- vertical processor
- very long instruction word processor
- video processor
- video-to-digital processor
- virtual processor
- visual image processor
- VLIW processor
- voice processor
- waveform matrix processor
- wavefront processor
- word processor
- word-oriented processor
- worker processor -
16 hydrogen
[English Word] hydrogen[Swahili Word] hidrojeni[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9[Dialect] recent[English Definition] a nonmetallic element that is the simplest and lightest of the elements, is normally a colorless odorless highly flammable diatomic gas, and is used especially in synthesis (identified 1791)[Terminology] chemistry------------------------------------------------------------ -
17 lithium
[English Word] lithium[Swahili Word] lithi[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9[Dialect] recent[English Definition] a soft silver-white element of the alkali metal group that is the lightest metal known and that is used in chemical synthesis and storage batteries (identified 1818)[Terminology] chemistry------------------------------------------------------------ -
18 processor
1) вчт. процессорг) обработчик программ на языке программирования; компилятор, транслятор; интерпретаторд) (любое) устройство обработки данных (напр. арифмометр)е) (любая) программа для управления процессами передачи, обмена и обработки данных4) производящий обработку субъект; орудие или средство обработки•- acoustic processor
- airborne processor
- algorithm processor
- AMD processor
- analog processor
- analog signal processor
- ancillary control processor
- application processor
- arithmetical processor
- ARM processor
- array processor
- associative processor
- attached processor
- auxiliary processor
- back-end processor
- baseband processor
- binary-image processor
- bit-slice processor
- bootstrap processor
- Celeron processor
- cellular logic image processor
- central processor
- CFAR processor
- channel processor
- chirp-transform processor
- CISC processor
- clone processor
- coherent optical processor
- command processor
- communicating word processors
- communications processor
- complex instruction set computing processor
- computer processor
- constant false-alarm-rate processor
- content-addressable processor
- control processor
- co-processor
- cryogenic associative processor
- data communications processor
- data parallel processor
- data processor
- data transfer processor
- database processor
- data-flow processor
- DEC Alpha processor
- decentralized redundant processor
- decision processor
- dedicated processor
- dedicated word processor
- diagnostic processor
- digital image processor
- digital processor
- digital signal processor
- digital video processor
- display processor
- distributed processor
- Doppler processor
- down-line processor
- dual processor
- dual-issue processor
- dwell-time processor
- dyadic processor
- EIO processor
- embedded processor
- error input/output processor
- farmer processor
- fast digital processor
- fast-Fourier-transform processor
- film processor
- fixed-point processor
- flexible processor
- floating-point processor
- Fourier processor
- Fourier transform processor
- frequency-domain array processor
- front-end processor
- games processor
- gateway processor
- generalized linear processor
- general-purpose processor
- Golay logic processor
- Golay transform processor
- graphic processor
- hardwired processor
- heterodyne processor
- heterogeneous element processor
- high definition video processor
- higher processor
- homomorphic processor
- horizontal processor
- host processor
- IBM processor
- idea processor
- image processor
- incoherent optical processor
- industrial universal digital processor
- information processor
- input/output processor
- instruction processor
- instruction-set processor
- integral multiprotocol processor
- integrated graphics processor
- Intel processor
- interactive processor
- interface message processor
- interface processor
- internetwork processor
- interruption queue processor
- keyboard processor
- knowledge information processor
- language processor
- later processor
- L-cell processor
- linguistic processor
- link input processor
- list processor
- low-power processor
- LSI processor
- machine-instruction processor
- macro processor
- mailing list processor
- main processor
- maintenance processor
- massively parallel processor
- master processor
- mathematical processor
- matrix processor
- maximum-entropy processor
- media and communication processor
- message processor
- microcoded processor
- microprogrammable processor
- microprogrammed processor
- modular acoustic processor
- MOS processor
- motherboard processor
- Motorola processor
- multichip processor
- multi-issue processor
- multiprotocol communications processor
- N-bit processor
- network processor
- node processor
- office processor
- off-line processor
- on-line processor
- operator external interrupt processor
- optical signal processor
- outline processor
- OverDrive processor
- parallel processor
- Pentium processor
- peripheral processor
- photomask processor
- picture processor
- pipelined processor
- pixel processor
- post-processor
- PowerPC processor
- pre-processor
- problem-oriented processor
- queue processor
- raster image processor
- raster processor
- reduced instruction set computing processor
- request queue processor
- RISC processor
- scalar processor
- scan-time processor
- scientific processor
- second processor
- semantic processor
- sequential processor
- service processor
- single-chip processor
- single-issue processor
- slave processor
- SNA processor
- space-time processor
- stack-based processor
- stand-alone processor
- superpipelined processor
- superscalar processor
- symbolic processor
- symmetrical multiple processor
- synthesis processor
- system platform processor
- systolic processor
- target processor
- terminal interface processor
- terminal processor
- text processor
- transaction processor
- up-line processor
- user core allocation queue processor
- vector processor
- vertical processor
- very long instruction word processor
- video processor
- video-to-digital processor
- virtual processor
- visual image processor
- VLIW processor
- voice processor
- waveform matrix processor
- wavefront processor
- word processor
- word-oriented processor
- worker processorThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > processor
-
19 Cybernetics
1) The Parallel Nature of Feedback in Living Individuals and Communication MachinesIt is my thesis that the physical functioning of the living individual and the operation of some of the newer communication machines are precisely parallel in their analogous attempts to control entropy through feedback. Both of them have sensory receptors as one stage of their cycle of operation: that is, in both of them there exists a special apparatus for collecting information from the outer world at low energy levels, and for making it available in the operation of the individual or of the machine.In both cases these external messages are not taken neat, but through the internal transforming powers of the apparatus, whether it be alive or dead. The information is then turned into a new form available for the further stages of performance. In both the animal and the machine this performance is made to be effective on the outer world. In both of them, their performed action on the outer world, and not merely their intended action, is reported back to the central regulatory apparatus. (Wiener, 1954, pp. 26-27)[The job of the cyberneticist] is the study of information transfer: the converting of information from one form to another-the human voice into radio waves and back into sound once more, or a complex mathematical equation into a set of punched holes on a tape, to be fed into a computer and then into a set of traces on reels of magnetic tape in the computer's "memory store."... To him, protein synthesis is just such another case. The mechanism for ensuring the exact replication of a protein chain by a new cell is that of transferring the information about the protein structure from the parent to the daughter cell. (Rose, 1970, p. 162)The theme of all these tales [("Fisherman and the Jinni" in the Thousand Nights and a Night; The Sorcerer's Apprentice; and "The Monkey's Paw" by W. W. Jacobs)] is the danger of magic. This seems to lie in the fact that the operation of magic is singularly literal-minded, and that if it grants you anything at all it grants what you ask for, not what you should have asked for or what you intend....The magic of automation, and in particular the magic of an automatization in which the devices learn, may be expected to be similarly literal-minded. If you are playing a game according to certain rules and set the playing-machine to play for victory, you will get victory if you get anything at all, and the machine will not pay the slightest attention to any consideration except victory according to the rules. If you are playing a war game with a certain conventional interpretation of victory, victory will be the goal at any cost, even that of the extermination of your own side, unless this condition of survival is explicitly contained in the definition of victory according to which you program the machine. (Wiener, 1964, pp. 59-60)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Cybernetics
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